??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? 2015 -2020 ???????? ??????

????? 

?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? (2015-2020)? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? 2016 

??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????   ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????. 

?. ????? ??????
???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? (????)

1 –  ??????? 

??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? 2002? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? 2009? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? G20? ????? ??? ???? 20 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.

??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 2015 – 2020? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? 15 ???? 2016? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? (?????? ??????? ????????)? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????  ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????. 

?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????  ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????.

2 –  ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 2015 

??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? 2008 – 2015 ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????:

• ??????????? ???????? ????????: ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????  ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? 2015 ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? 20 ????? ????? ?????? [1].
• ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???  ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? 864.3 ?? ??? 2015. ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????. 
• ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.  ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????  ????? ?????? 7% ?? ???? ???????? ??? 2013.
• ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????  ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????  82 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2013. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? 800 ????? ?????. 
• ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 2013 ???? ??? 9.7%.
• ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2004? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 3 – 4% ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. 
• ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.
• ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

3 – ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? 

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????: 

3 – 1 ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? 

??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? 164 ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? 20 ????? 2016? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????  ????? ????? ????.

??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? “????? ??? ????????”???? ???????? ?? S&P ? Moody’s ? Fitch. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????[2]. 

3 – 2  ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????

????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????: 

3 – 2 – 1 ????? ??????? ??????? 

????? ????? ?? ??? 2015 ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????  ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????  ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????.

?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 9 – 12 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. 

3 – 2 – 2 ???? ???? ???

???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? (???????? ?????????)? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??  ????? ??? (1) ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????:[3]

	2017	2018
???????? ??????? ????????	9.2 ????? ?????	3.1 ????? ?????
???????? ??????? ?? ????????	5.5 ????? ?????	3.8 ????? ?????
???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????	4.1 ????? ?????	2.9 ????? ?????

??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? 2.7 ????? ?? ??? 2017? ??????? ??? 3.2 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2019. ??? ?? ????? ??? 2020 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? 78% ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 11.2 ????? ????? ?? ?????? 2020. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 2019 ???? ???? 201 ????? ????? [4].

3 – 2 – 3 ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? 2018

????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????[5].

??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 2018. 

3 – 2 – 4 ???????? ????????? ??? ?????: 

?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? 2016 – 2019 ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???(2) ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. 

	2016	2017	2018	2019
???????	4.93	3.23	2.40	2.31

??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? (??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????)

3 – 3 ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? 

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????  ????????. 

?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????  ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? 4? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? 34.5 ????? ?????  ?? ??? 2019? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????.  ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 13 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2018 . ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 85 ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.

3 – 4 ???????? ???? ??????? 

???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ( ???? ??????? )? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????[7].

???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2020 ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????  ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 2018  ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? (BNP Paribas SA ? Citibank NA ? UBS AG)? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????[8].

3- 5 ???????? ?? ????? ??????? 

?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????:

?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ( ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????)  ???? ???? ?? ??? ???  ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? (?????? ???????). ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????. 

?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???????  ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????[9]. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ( ?????? ?? ?????? ???????) ?? ?????. 

?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? 2018 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????  ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2021 ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????  ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????.  

????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????  ???????? ?????? ???: 

• ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????.
• ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????  ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????.

4 –  ????? ?????? 

??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? (???? ???). 

??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????  ??? 2010 ???? ????????  ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? (??????? ????  ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????)[10] ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? (3) ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 2016 ??? ???  869.7 ????? ?????? ??? ??? 761.4 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2019 [?11]. 

?????	??? ?????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????)
2015	864.3
2016	869.7
2017	859
2018	778.4
2019	761.4

5 – ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? 

????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? (1) ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????  ?????: ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????  ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (???????? ??????)[13].

6 –  ???? ??????? ?? ?????: 

????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ? 60 ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? 55 ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 2017. ??????: ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. 

6 – 1  ???????:

????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? (14) ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? [15]? ????? ?????? ??????? ? 34.5 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2019? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

?????	???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????
2015	3.7%
2016	2.6%
2017	3.1%
2018	3.8%
2019	4.6%

?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? 2016 – 2017 ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? 34 ?????? ??????? [16]? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. 

6 – 2  ???? ????????

????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? (6)?  ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????. 

?????	?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????
2015	8.20%
2016	9.35%
2017	7.80%
2018	8.42%
2019	5.35%

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2015 ??????? ?????? ????  ?????? ???? ???????? ???? 2015 – 2016 ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 2019.

????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? 2018? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????  ????? ???????? 5.9 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? 13 ????? ?????. ??? ??? 2017 ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? 11.5 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? 45.7?. 

 ??? ?????? 2019 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 250 ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? [18]. 

6 – 3 . ????? ???????: 

???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 554 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 13 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2018. [19]

7 –  ???? ??????? 

????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????: ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. 

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? (7) [20] ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? 19.75% ?? ??? 2015, ?????? ??? 22.40 ?? ??? 2019. ????? ???? ??? ????????  ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. 

?????	???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????
2015	19.75%
2016	19.62%
2017	20.67%
2018	20.30%
2019	22.44%

8 –  ????????? ???????? 

8 – 1  ????????:

??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? 2015 ???? ???? ???????? ??? 150 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2020 ??? 169 ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 2015 – 2020 ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? [21] ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (7): 

?????	??? ???????? ??????? (????? ?????)
2015	151
2016	149.2
2017	164.5
2018	177.1
2019	180.8
2020	169.4

??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 2019 ?????? ???????: 

– ?????? ???????? 10 ????? ?????. 

– ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 32,5 ????? ?????.  

– ?????? ???????? ???????? 17,5 ????? ?????. 

– ???????? ?????? ????? 27 ????? ?????. 

– ?????? ??????? ?????????? 30 ????? ?????. 

– ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 25 ????? ?????. 

– ?????? ???????? 9 ????? ????? . 

– ?????? ??????????? ??????? 7 ?????  [22]. 

???? ????  ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? : ??????? 9.6?? ??????? ??????? 6.1?? ?????? 5.8? ? ???????? ??????? 5.5?? ??????? 5.4? ? ????? 4.2?? ??????? 4?. [23]

8 – 2  ????????:

??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? 2015 – 2020? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (8) ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ????? ????????? 213 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2015? ?? ??? ???? ??? 219 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2020. 

?????	??? ???????? ??????? (????? ?????)
2015	213.6
2016	202.2
2017	238.7
2018	231.1
2019	201.3
2020	219.4

??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 40 – 45 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 45 – 53 ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? 1 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????  ????????? ??? ??? 2017 ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? 53 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? 238.7 ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (6). ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? 20 ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????  ??? ????? 22 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? 17 ????? ?????? ????? ????? 10 ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 13 ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? 15,5 ????? ????? [24]. 

???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??  ??? ????????: ????? 10? ? ??????? 9.1? ? ????? 8.4?? ???????? ??????? 5.1?? ??????? 4.8? [25].

9 –  ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? 

??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? 62?? ???????????? ???????? ????? 38 ?. ??? ??? 2002 ??? ??? 2020? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 160.6 ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 73% ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (9) ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2020. [26]

?????? ?????????	??? ????????? (??????? ?????)
??????	25.5
???????? ??????? ?????????	12.1
????????	11.1
??????	10.6
???????	9.9
???????	9.6
???????	9.5
??????	8.8
?????	7.4
????????	7

?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? 2015 ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? 19 ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? 8.83 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2019? ????? 54?. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (9) ??? ??????????? ??????? ( ???????? ?????). ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 50 ?????? ???? ??? ??? 16 ????? [28].

????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? (????????? ????????) ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (10)? ???? ???? ???????? ??? 2018. [29] 

??????	2015	??? 2018
????????	1.239	625
????????	4.573	2.997
???	715	6.262

?? ?????? ??? 11 ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????. 

?????	??? ??????????? ??????? ( ???????? ?????)
2015	19
2016	14
2017	11
2018	13
2019	8.8

?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 2016 ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. 

10 –  ?????? ?????? ???????? 

?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. 

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 251.7 ????? ?????  ?? ??? 2015? ??? ??? 2019 ??? ????? 243.9 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (12)???? ???? ????? ?? ???  ?????? ?????? ???????? 60? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ? 34 ? ??????? ? ? 4.3 ? ??????? ???????? ? 1.7 ? ?????? ?????? ???? [30].

???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (12) ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 40? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. 

?????	???? ????? ???????	???? ???? ????? ?? ???  ?????? ?????? ????????
2015	251.7	29%
2016	252.4	29%
2017	289.2	33.7%
2018	278.8	34.2?
2019	243.9	32.1?

????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????   ??? ????????? ?? ??? 2021 ???? ???? ?????? 56.8 ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (13) ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? [31] 

?????? ( ???????? ?????)	????? ??????? ?????
56.8	2021
47.9	2022
42.6	2023
40.1	2024
179	??????? ????? ??? ??? 2025

11 –  ??????? 

???? ???? ??????? ?????? (Tuki) ??? ????? ??????? ???????? “?????????” ???  ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 2015 – 2018 ??????? ??? 10% – 11% ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? (14) ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2019 ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 2018? ??????  ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? (???????? ??????) ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????[33].

?????	???? ???????
2015	10.3%
2016	10.9%
2017	10.9%
2018	11%
2019	13.7%

??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????  2.4? ?? ??? 2019. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. 

12 –  ????? ??????

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???.

??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 2018? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? 2016 – 2018. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.

 ??????? ??????: ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????:?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????: ?? ???????? ?????  ???????  [35]. 

?????	???? ?????? ???????
2015	8.8%
2016	8.5%
2017	11.92%
2018	20.30
2019	11.84
2020	14.60

13 –  ?????? ???? ?????? ???????  

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????) ??? 2016? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? 3.52 ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 2016? ????? ??? 7.64 ?? ??? ??? 2020? ? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2021 ?????? ???? 13. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????:

• ?????? ??? (3) ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 864 ????? ????? ??? 761 ????? ?????. 
• ?????? ??? (5) ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 9.35 ?? ??? 2015? ??? 5.35 ?? ??? 2019. 
• ?????? ??? (13) ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? 2021? ???????? 56.8 ????? ?????. 
• ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? (10) ??? ?? ??? 2015 ???? ????? 19 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2019 ???? ??? 8.8 ????? ?????. 
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? (15)? ??? 2015? ??? ?????? 8,8? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 2018 ???? ??? 20.30? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2019 ???? ??? 11.84. 
• ???????? ?? ??? ???????

?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????  ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? 11.3 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2018. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? [37].

 ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 2020? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 169 ????? ?????  ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? (5) ???? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 113 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2015? ??? 24 ????? ????? ???? 2020. [38]

14 –  ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? 2015 – 2020

14 – 1 ????? ???????? ?????????? TOGG? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 2020? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2021 ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????  ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2022. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? 22 ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? 175.000 ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 4000 ???. [39]

14 – 2  ???? ??????? ?????? / ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? 150 ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? 10?2 ????? ????? .  ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. 

14 – 3  ??? ???? ???? 1915 Çanakkale? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? Çanakkale? ???? ???? ???????? 3.6 ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? Çanakkale. ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2017 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2023. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? Tekfen Holding. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? 10.5 ????? ?????. 

14 – 4  ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? 110 ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? (????????) ??????? ?????? ( ??????). ??? ???? 31 ????????. ??? ???????  ????? 3.5 ????? ????? [40]. ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????. 

15 –  ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2015? ??? ??? 2020 

?????	???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2015.	???????? ?? ????? ??? ????  2019 – 2020
??????????? ???????? ???????	???? ?? 20 ????? ????? ??????	???? 8,8  ????? ????? ?? ???
???? ?????? ???????? ????????	82 ????? ?????	243.9 ????? ?????.
???? ??????? ???????.	9.7 %	13.7%
???? ?????? ???????.	7%	14.6%
???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.	???? ??????? ?????? 2 ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? 2014.	???? ??????? ?????? 7.62 ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? 2020
?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????	3.7 %	4.6%
?????? ????? ??????	957.8 ????? ?????.	778 ????? ?????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????	19.75%	22.44%
???? ????????	213.6 ????? ?????	219.4 ????? ?????
???? ????????	151 ????? ?????	169.4 ????? ?????

16 –  ???????

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.

??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. 

???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? “????? ??????” ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. 

 ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???  ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????  ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????.  

???? ??????? 

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? “????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????”. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????: 

1- ????? ??????

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 19 ???? ????? 1.1 ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 501 ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????[41]

2 –  ??? ????????? ?????

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? [42].

3 – ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????

????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? 2020 ????  ????? ?????? ?????  169 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? 2021 ?? ???? ???????? ???? 50 ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???  216 ????? ????? ?????? 29 ?? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? [43]

4 –  ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????

??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? [44].  

5 –  ????? ???????

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????[45].

?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????:  

???? ????? ???????: ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????.

??? ???????? ????????: ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????:

• ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2021? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? 10 ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????.
• ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? [46]. 
•   ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? 50 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2024.

????? ??????

• ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. 
• ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????. 
• ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. 

?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? 2023? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. 

??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. 

17 – ??????? 

1. Ödemeler Dengesi ?statistikleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas?. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+ve+Ilgili+Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+Istatistikleri/ . Published 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022.
2. 15 Temmuz ekonomiye nas?l bir zarar verdi?. Sözcü. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/ekonomi/15-temmuz-ekonomiye-nasil-bir-zarar-verdi-5931984/?utm_source=dahafazla_haber&utm_medium=free&utm_campaign=dahafazlahaber . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
3. Habibi N. Turkey’S Economic Relations With Gulf States In The Shadow Of The 2017 Qatar Crisis. Crown Center for Middle East Studies; 2019:4-5. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb132.pdf . Accessed February 25, 2022.
4.  ???? ?. ???????? ??????.. ?? ????? “???” ??????? ??????????. ?????.  https://www.alhurra.com/saudi-arabia/2021/05/06/????????-??????-??-?????-???-???????-?????????? Published 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022.
5. Macias A. U.S. sanctions Turkey over purchase of Russian S-400 missile system. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/14/us-sanctions-turkey-over-russian-s400.html . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
6. T.C. D??i?leri Bakanl???. 2022. T.C. D??i?leri Bakanl???’ndan. [online] Available at: <https://www.mfa.gov.tr/iran-ekonomisi.tr.mfa  > [Accessed 25 February 2022].
7.  ??????. Marefa. https://www.marefa.org/?????? . Accessed February 25, 2022.
8.  ??? ????? ?. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????21.  https://arabi21.com/story/1268615/????-????-????????-?????-????????-???-??????-??????? . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
9. ?. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? https://iefpedia.com/arab/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/???-???????-?????????-??-????-??????-???????-???????-–-?.-??-???-??????-?????.pdf 
10. Türkiye. Data.worldbank.org. https://data.worldbank.org/country/TR?locale=tr . Accessed February 25, 2022.
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12. Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Has?lan?n Sektörel Da??l?m?. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre, ?ehircilik ve ?klim De?i?ikli?i Bakanl???. https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/gayri-safi-yurtici-hasilanin-sektorel-dagilimi-i-85707 . Accessed February 25, 2022.
13. Explore All Countries -Turkey. Cia. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ . Published 2022. Accessed February 25, 2022
14. Turizm gelirleri. TÜRSAB. https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler-icerik/turizm-geliri . Published 2022. Accessed February 25, 2022.
15.  ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? 2016 – 2017. 
16.  Türkiye ?MSAD Ayl?k Sektör Raporu Bas?n Özeti. ?MSAD; 2016. https://www.imsad.org/files/fileman//Uploads/Files/BB__Turkiye_IMSAD_Aylik_Sektor_Raporu_ARALIK_2016.pdf . Accessed February 25, 2022.
17. Türkiye ?MSAD Ayl?k Sektör Raporu Bas?n Özeti. ?MSAD; 2016. https://www.imsad.org/files/fileman//Uploads/Files/BB__Turkiye_IMSAD_Aylik_Sektor_Raporu_ARALIK_2016.pdf . Accessed February 25, 2022.
18. Türk havayolu firmalar?n?n filosunda kaç uçak var?. Turizm Günlü?ü. https://www.turizmgunlugu.com/2021/06/28/turk-havayolu-firmalarinin-filosunda-kac-ucak-var/ . Published 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022.
19. GSYH’de sanayinin pay? son 20 y?l?n zirvesinde. Dünya. https://www.dunya.com/sirketler/gsyhde-sanayinin-payi-son-20-yilin-zirvesinde-haberi-458415 . Published 2019. Accessed February 25, 2022.
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24. Explore All Countries -Turkey. Cia. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ . Published 2022. Accessed February 25, 2022
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26. Ödemeler Dengesi ?statistikleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas?. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+ve+Ilgili+Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+Istatistikleri/ . Published 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022.
27. Türkiye yabanc? yat?r?mc?ya “güven” vermiyor. DW. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-yabanc%C4%B1-yat%C4%B1r%C4%B1mc%C4%B1ya-g%C3%BCven-vermiyor/a-54335209 . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
28. Habibi N. Turkey’S Economic Relations With Gulf States In The Shadow Of The 2017 Qatar Crisis. Crown Center for Middle East Studies; 2019:4-5. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb132.pdf . Accessed February 25, 2022.
29. Yüksel E. Y?llara Göre Türkiye’nin D?? Borç Stoku. Dogrulukpayi. https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/yillara-gore-turkiye-nin-dis-borc-stoku . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
30. Yüksel E. Y?llara Göre Türkiye’nin D?? Borç Stoku. Dogrulukpayi. https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/yillara-gore-turkiye-nin-dis-borc-stoku . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
31. Yüksel E. Y?llara Göre Türkiye’nin D?? Borç Stoku. Dogrulukpayi. https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/yillara-gore-turkiye-nin-dis-borc-stoku . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
32. Gür N. ??sizli?in Nedenleri. SETA. https://www.setav.org/issizligin-nedenleri/ . Published 2019. Accessed February 25, 2022.
33. ?engül S, Özkök C. ??sizlik rakamlar? aç?kland?. Aa. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/issizlik-rakamlari-aciklandi/2139684 . Published 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022.
34. Enflasyonun Nedenleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas?. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Temel+Faaliyetler/Para+Politikasi/Fiyat+Istikrari+ve+Enflasyon/Neden . Accessed February 25, 2022.
35. Enflasyon Hedefleri. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas?. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Temel+Faaliyetler/Para+Politikasi/Fiyat+Istikrari+ve+Enflasyon/Enflasyonun+Hedefleri . Accessed February 25, 2022.
36. TL neden de?er kaybediyor?. Sözcü. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/ekonomi/tl-neden-deger-kaybediyor-5973176/ . Published 2020. Accessed February 25, 2022.
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