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4 سنوات ago

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???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ( ??????? ? ????? ? ????? )? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ? ???? ??????? ??? (1) ???? ????? ?????? ??????? .

??????? ??? (?): ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????

? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? .

???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? .

????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????

????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 23,7% . ( 2019? total enegy consummotion)(?) ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? (1) ?????? :

????? ??????? ??? (1): ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ( ??????: 2019? natural gaz domesitc consumpition )(?)

?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? , ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ????? ??????? ??? (2) ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????.

????? ??????? ??? (2): ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? 2018. (??????: 2019? Oil domesitc consumpition) (?)

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????

???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (3) ? (4) ??????? :

????? ??????? ??? (3): ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2018?( 2019? o?l prodactse domesitc consumpition) (?)

????? ??????? ??? (4): ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? 2018 ,( 2019? gaz prodactse domesitc consumpition) (?)

????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????

????? ??????? ??? ( 5 ) ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? 2018, ( 2019? o?l prodactse domesitc consumpition)(?)

????? ??????? ??? (6): ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? 2018, ( 2019? gaz prodactse domesitc consumpition) (?)

????? ??? ??????

???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??( ??? ???????)? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (???????? ?????) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ( ?????????? 2014)

????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? :???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. (?????????? 2014 )(?)

?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? .

????? ??? ?????? ??????

?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2012 ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? .

????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? . ( 2014 ? ????????? )(?)

????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? :

???? ??????? ?????? ??????? :

??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????

?? ??? 2018 ???? ????? 243 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ? 265 ????? ?? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? 15 ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? .( 2019? BP)(??) ? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? :

??????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??????

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ??? 1973? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? .

? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? “????????” ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? . ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? . ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? .

????? ???? ????????

????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? 1,000?? ????? 100?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. (2018? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ) (??)

? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? (2) ??? ??????? :

??????? ??? (?): ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????

???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? .

???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? .

???? ?????? ???? ????? 1 ( ???? ??????? ) ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? 55 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 37 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? . ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? .

??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? 2014 ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? .

????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? “?????? ??????” ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? 16 ????? ??? ???? . ( 201 ?Energy as a tool of foreign policy of authoritarian states, in particular Russia )(??)

?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ( 3 ) ??????? :

??????? ??? (3): ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????

? ????? ??????? ???? ????? 38 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? . ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? 25% ?? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? .( 2014 ? ???? )(??)

??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????

??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? .

??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????

?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? .

????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? :

????? ???????: ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? (????) ?? 8.5 ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 10.7 ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 9.9 ????? ? ???????? 12.3 ????? . ( 2016? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 20 ????)(??)

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? (??????) .

??? ????????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? 29 ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 23- 25 ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? 87-90 ????? ?????. ?????? ????? 18,2 ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ( 2018 ? BP )(??). ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????.

??? ?????? ????? 200 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? 120 ????? ??? ??????? 130 ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? 279 ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? 150 ????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? 78.5 ????? ?? ( 2018 ? BP ). ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? 23 ????? ??? ???? ( 2018 ? BP )(??) .

??????? ?????? ??????? : ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 2 ????? ????? (2015? ???? )(??)? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? .

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? PEES

?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? 100 ?? ???? .( 2019? Freid )(??)

?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? “??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? .

??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ( ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????).

??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????.

???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? .

?????

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? 6 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? . ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? (4).

??????? ??? (?): ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????

???????

1- https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-refined-petroleum-prodcts-consumption?

2- https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?

3- https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/monthly-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?

4 – https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production

5 – https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-consumptio?

6- https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-refined-petroleum-products-consumption?

7 – https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-consumption

8 – 2014 ????????? ???? ? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? .

9 – ???? ????

10 https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html

11- ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ?. ?. ???? . https://mawdoo3.com/?????_???_???????_??????

12 – Energy as a tool of foreign policy of authoritarian states, in particular Russia? euroean parliment, Policy Department for External RelationsDirectorate General for External Policies of the Union PE 603.868 – April 2018.

13 ???? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????-???????? 2014, ???? ????? ??????? . ??? ???? 2020.9.2 .

14 – https://arabic.rt.com/news/826811-?????-?????-?????-?????-??????-??-20-????/#

15 – ???? ???? BP

16 -???? ???? BP

17 – ???? ? ???? ????

18 – Daniel Fried? Russia gas pipeline sanctions legislation (PEES Act): A way ahead? 2019? https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/russia-gas-pipeline-sanctions-legislation-pees-act-a-way-ahead/

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